10 Steps for Finding Your Family Tree Online

From cemetery transcriptions to census records, millions of genealogy resources have been posted online in recent years, making the Internet a popular first stop in researching family roots. And with good reason. No matter what you want to learn about your family tree, there is a pretty good chance you can dig up at least some of it on the Internet. Its not quite as simple as finding a database that contains all of the information on your ancestors and downloading it, however. Ancestor hunting is actually much more exciting than that! The trick is learning how to use the myriad of tools and databases that the Internet provides to find facts and dates on your ancestors, and then going beyond that to fill in the stories of the lives they lived. While each family search is different, I often find myself following the same basic steps when beginning to research a new family tree online. As I search, I also keep a research log noting the places Ive searched, the information I find (or didnt find), and a source citation for each piece of information that I find. The search is fun, but less so the second time if you  forget where youve  looked  and end up having to do  it all over again! Begin with Obituaries Since family tree searches generally work their way back in time from the present, searching out information on recently deceased relatives is a good place to start your family tree quest. Obituaries can be a gold mine for information on family units, including siblings, parents, spouses, and even cousins, as well as the date of birth and death and place of burial. Obituary notices may also help lead you to living relatives who can provide further information on your family tree. There are several large obituary search engines online which can make the search a bit easier, but if you know the town where your relatives lived you will often have better luck searching the obituary archive (when available online) of the local paper. If you arent sure of the name of the local paper for that community, a search for newspaper and the city, town or county name in your favorite search engine will often get you there. Be sure to search out obituaries for siblings and cousins as well as your di rect ancestors. Dig Into Death Indexes Since death records are usually the most recent record created for a deceased individual, they are often the easiest place to begin your search. Death records are also less restricted than most records by privacy laws. While monetary restrictions and privacy concerns mean that the majority of death records are not yet available online, many online death indexes are available through both official and volunteer sources. Try one of these major databases and indexes of   online death records, or do a Google search for death records plus the name of the county or state in which your ancestors lived. If youre researching American ancestors, the Social Security Death Index (SSDI) contains details of more than 77 million deaths reported to the SSA since about 1962. You can search the SSDI for free through  several online sources. Details listed in the SSDI generally include the name, date of birth and death, zip code of last residence, and social security number for each listed individu al. Further information can be obtained by requesting a copy of the individuals   Social Security Application. Check Out the Cemetery Continuing the search for death records, online cemetery transcriptions are another huge resource for information on your ancestors. Volunteers from around the world have traipsed through thousands of cemeteries, posting names, dates, and even photos. Some larger public cemeteries provide their own online index to burials. Here are a number of free   cemetery search databases  online which compile links to online cemetery transcriptions. RootsWebs country, state, and county sites are another great source for links to online cemetery transcriptions, or you can try a search for your familys surname plus cemetery plus location in your favorite Internet search engine. Locate Clues in the Census Once youve used your personal knowledge and online death records to trace your family tree back to people who lived around the beginning of the twentieth century, census records can provide a treasure trove of information on the family. Census records in the United States, Great Britain, Canada, and many other countries are available online -- some for free and some through subscription access. In the United States, for example, you can often find living and recently deceased family members listed with their parents in the 1940 federal census, the most recent census year open to the public. From there, you can trace the family back through previous censuses, often adding a generation or more to the family tree. Census takers werent very good at spelling and families arent always listed where you expect them, so you may want to try some of these search tips for census success. Go On Location By this point, youve probably managed to narrow down the search to a particular town or county. Nows the time to head to the source for more detailed information. My first stop is usually the county specific Web sites at USGenWeb, or their counterparts at WorldGenWeb - depending upon your country of interest. There you may find newspaper abstracts, published county histories, biographies, family trees, and other transcribed records, as well as surname queries and other information posted by fellow researchers. You may have already come across some of these sites in your search for cemetery records, but now that youve learned more about your ancestors, you can dig even deeper. Visit the Library In the spirit of location, my next step in the family hunt is to visit the Web sites for local libraries and historical and genealogical societies in the area in which my ancestor lived. Often you can find links to these organizations through the locality-specific genealogical sites mentioned in step 5. Once there, look for a link labeled genealogy or   family history to learn about the available resources for genealogical research in the area. You may find online indexes, abstracts, or other published genealogical records. Most libraries will also offer  online searching  of their library catalog. While most local and  family history books  arent available for online reading, many may be borrowed through interlibrary loan. Search Message Boards Many great nuggets of family history information are exchanged and shared via message boards, groups, and mailing lists. Searching the archives of the lists and groups which pertain to your surnames and areas of interest may yield obituaries, family histories, and other pieces of the genealogy puzzle. Not all of these archived messages can be found via traditional search engines, however, necessitating manual searching of any lists of interest.  RootsWebs genealogy mailing lists  and message boards  include searchable archives, as do most genealogy-related organizations using  Yahoo Groups  or  Google Groups. Some may require you to join (free) before searching the archived messages Ferret Out Family Trees Hopefully, by this point, youve found enough names, dates, and other facts to help you distinguish your ancestors from others of the same name -- making it a good time to turn to the family research already done by others. Thousands of family tree have been published online, the majority of them included in one or more of these Top 10 Pedigree Databases. Be warned, however.  Many online family trees  are basically works in progress and may or may not be correct. Be sure to  verify the validity of a family tree  before incorporating it into your own family tree, and  cite the source of the information  in case you find conflicting data as your research progresses. Search for Specialized Resources Based on what youve learned about your ancestors, now you can search out more  specialized genealogical information. Databases, histories, and other genealogical records may be found online which focus on military service, occupations, fraternal organizations, or school or church membership. Stop by the Subscription Sites By this point youve exhausted many of the free online genealogy resources. If youre still having trouble finding information on your family, it may be time to tackle the pay-for-use genealogy databases. Through these sites you can access a wide variety of indexed databases and original images, ranging from the  digitized WWI Draft Registration records  at  Ancestry.com  to the birth, marriage, and death records available online from  Scotlands People. Some sites operate on a pay-per-download basis, charging only for the documents you actually view, while others require a subscription for unlimited access. Check for a free trial or free search feature before plunking down your money!

Walt Disney The Man Behind These Characters, And The...

ALMOST EVERYONE KNOWS THE CHARACTERS OF MICKEY MOUSE, MINNIE MOUSE, AND DONALD DUCK. WALT DISNEY WAS THE MAN BEHIND THESE CHARACTERS AND MANY MORE. A BOY BORN IN CHICAGO, IL AND MADE HIS WAY TO HOLLYWOOD, CA CREATED MANY OF THE GREATEST CARTOON CHARACTERS AND BROUGHT FAIRY TALES TO LIFE. THE DISNEY NAME IS KNOWN NOT ONLY FOR CARTOONS BUT MOVIES, TELEVISION, RADIO, AND THE CREATION OF ONE OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST AMUSEMENT PARKS. WALT WAS BORN IN CHICAGO, IL IN 1901, ONE OF FIVE CHILDREN, 4 BOYS AND 1 GIRL. BY 1906 HIS FAMILY HAD MOVED TO A FARM IN MISSOURI. IT WAS DURING THIS TIME THAT WALT BECAME INTERESTED IN DRAWING. AT THE AGE OF 7 HE WAS SELLING HIS FIRST DRAWINGS TO HIS NEIGHBORS. WHEN WALT WAS AROUND 9, HIS FATHER WAS TO ILL TO CONTINUE WORKING ON THE FARM SO THE FAMILY MOVED TO KANSAS CITY WHERE HIS FATHER HAD A PAPER ROUTE. WALT’S FIRST JOB WAS DELIVERING THE PAPER FOR HIS FATHER. BY THE TIME WALT WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL HIS FAMILY HAD MOVED BACK TO CHICAGO. HE WAS NOT INTERESTED IN SCHOOL EXCEPT FOR CREATING CARTOONS THAT HIS SCHOOL’S NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED. AT THE AGE OF 17 WALT ATTEMPTED TO ENLIST IN THE MILITARY BUT WAS DENIED BECAUSE HE WAS TOO YOUNG. HE JOINED THE RED CROSS AND SPENT A YEAR DRIVING AN AMBULANCE WHILE OVERSEAS. WHEN HE RETURNED TO THE STATES, HE RETURNED TO KANSAS CITY WHERE HE DECIDED THAT HE WANTED TO BE AN ARTIST. WALT OPENED HIS FIRST STUDIO LAUGH-O-GRAM FILMS IN KANSAS CITY. THE STUDIO FAILED DUE TO A BAD BUSINESS DEAL. IN THEShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney : The Greatest Animation Studios1481 Words   |  6 PagesThrough his creation of his many acclaimed theatrical films, space exploration videos, and Walt Disney World, Walt Disney explored the world of animation and built the foundation for the family entertainment business; he also exchanged his animation and film techniques and styles with the world, and encountered many obstacles in his journey becoming one of the most well-known and inspiring person in the world; Walt Disney Animation Studios, founded by Disney, is the greatest animation studios toRead MoreA Report On Google Doodle850 Words   |  4 PagesBurning Man festival in Nevada. They had originally placed a stick man figure behind the second â€Å"o† in the word Google. This was for a comical message saying that the workers were out of the office. Although the first doo dle as quite simple, the idea would spark something that would carry until this very day in age. 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Walt Disney imagined what people thought to be the impossible and created a Disney empire that was made up of cartoons, movies, amusement parks, and much more entertainment. To think if Walt Disney never shared his visions with the world, there would be no animation, amusement parks, Mickey Mouse, or any classic Disney movies like Snow White, Mary Poppins, or Beauty and the BeastRead MoreWhy Do Dreams Come True?1712 Words   |  7 Pagesknows the name â€Å"Disney†, but where does it come from? Who was the intelligent and imaginative person who had the desire and heart to create this entertainment empire? The man was Walt Disney. Through a long road of rewrites, rejections, and reconstructions, Disney created a new look for the entertainment in America. It all started with one little cartoon mouse, originally named Mortimer Mouse, but later changed to a more recognizable name of Mickey Mouse. Not only did Walt Disney create Mickey MouseRead MoreFilm Analysis : Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs1372 Words   |  6 Pagessimple, and often foolish stories. Animation is more than just cartoons moving around in a scene. Behind some of these productions a whole genre of cinema was created and perfected. Some even helped establish foundations for cinema production. Among them, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Toy Story can be singled out as the most influential. It may be said that music, CGI, depth, color, secondary characters and depth in animation started because of these two movies. Two completely different films causedRead MoreEssay on From Delicate Damsels to Strong Self-Starters978 Words   |  4 PagesYoung girls from all over the world idolize the princesses created by Walt Disney. The Walt Disney Company (also known as Disney) is a mass media corporation founded by Walt Disney that is known for the creation of widely known and loved animated films, many of which in clude greatly admired princesses. The popularity of these princesses reached such a height that Disney created a franchise featuring various female heroines from several of Disney’s successful films. Society’s views on gender rolesRead MoreComic Books And Its Impact On Society1631 Words   |  7 PagesComic books has being one of the most popular segments of art and communication since it was created. During Human History, the comics were adapted to each time events. It is possible to notice not only in the creation of Captain America in the 40’s to support the soldiers in the World War II but also the attack to the World Trade Center Building in 2001. 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Understanding Abuse Free Essays

string(247) " in residential care including being under the care of a local authority with one case that rose to prominence being the Pindown Inquiry in 1991 concerning the use of a system referred to as Pindown in children’s homes in Staffordshire England\." Recent periods of social progress and development have seen many concepts and constructs receive widespread attention to what can be described as negative behaviours and one concept and area in particular to receive this attention is abuse. Any response to find a solution to a problem whilst remaining effective and appropriate can experience various complications as there can be an inability to provide a clear and detailed definition of what it actually constitutes, provision of evidence that remains compelling and substantial and taking on board the cultural, social and political considerations and factors that are relevant to the society pertinent to the discussion will receive complications. This lack of clearness in its debate has led to the development of additional descriptions alongside abuse such as psychological maltreatment (Garbino, GuttmanSeeley, 1986), further confusing the issue and its resolution but in spite of this confusion their has been much learned from what attempts have been made in the exploration and analysis of abuse and this discussion will try to identify different types of abuse,expain why particular groups or individuals may be vulnerable ,its differing contexts,risk factors associated and ensure the impact of cultural and social factors on the range of abuse is analysed thoroughly. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abuse is the weapon of the vulgar† (Samuel Griswold Goodrich) Abuse is a term that relates itself to any deliberate calculated damaging or deteremental behaviour purposefully used to damage or harm an individual or group and can occur when a person misuses ormistreats another group or individual without any interest in their worth,dignity or well-being. It can be seen as a behaviour where the abuser is interested in the exertion of power and control over the individual and be prepared to manipulate or exploit the individual involved into submission or obedience to their will. In recent decades it has been described in various forms but the main categories to contemplate are Physical,Emotional,Sexual and neglectful and a recently highlighted phenomena of Institutional abuse,that has led to greater awareness and debate. Physical abuse was the earliest form of abuse thought to have come under public consideration in the 1960’s and was believed to be linked to child abuse until child sexual cases started to come to prominence with the Cleveland cases in 1987(Corby,B,Child abuse,1993,p86) and has been defined as â€Å"hitting,shaking,throwing,poisoning,burning or scalding,drowning,suffocating or otherwise causing physical harm to a child. Physical harm may also be caused when a parent or carer feigns the symptoms of or deliberately causes the ill-health to a child they are looking after. This situation is commonly described using terms such as fictitious illness by proxy or â€Å"Munchausen Syndrome by proxy†(Dept of Health,1995:5). This definition can be seen to as quite specific but does not provide any suggestions as to when such actions are deemed grave to authorise intervention and prevention of such behaviours and although it has various forms it can be the most visible, having damaging and long lasting effects. Emotional abuse and neglect has been defined according to the Dept of Health as â€Å"the persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development†(Dept of Health,1999:5-6) and relates itself to malicious †parental behaviour that damages a child’s self-esteem,degrades a sense of achievement,diminishes a sense of belonging and stands in the way of healthy,vigorous and happy development. Emotional abuse has been described as an overtly rejecting behaviour of carers on the one hand or as passive neglect on the other†(Iwaniec,D,Child care in Practice,1994). As a separate form of abuse it was only recognised by legislation in the United Kingdom in the 1980’s although it did receive recognition in the United States since 1977. Attempts have been made to define emotional abuse and neglect in a general way and five damaging behaviours have been levelled by Garbino,Guttman and Seeley(1986) as rejecting,isolating,terrorising,ignoring and corrupting with these actions being a concerted attack by an adult on a child’s development of self and social competence only being described as overtly abusive,painful and developmentally and cognitively damaging. Such behaviour can be seen as an act of commission or omission occuring â€Å"when meaningful adults are unable to provide necessary nuturance,stimulation,encouragement and protection to the child at various stages of development which inhibits his optimal functioning†(Whiting,1976). Sexual abuse in relation to children has been described as â€Å"involving,forcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activites whether or not the child is aware of what is happening. The activites may involve physical contact,including penetrative(e. g rape or buggery) and non-penetrative acts. They may also include non-contact activites such as involving children in looking at or in the production of pornographic material,or watching sexual activites or encouraging children to behave in sexually inappropriate ways†(Dept of Health,1996,6). This description of sexual abuse specifies that sexual abuse may not necessarily involve physical contact although there can be many other areas to be included when involving a definition such as what is the relation of the perpetrator of such acts and the definition put forward by Glasser and Frosh seems to be more comprehensive â€Å"Any child below the age of consent may be deemed to have been sexually abused when a sexually mature person has by design or by neglect of their usual societal or specific responsibilities in relation to the child,engaged or permitted the engagement of that child in any activity of a sexual nature which is intended to lead to the sexual gratification of the sexually mature person†(Glasser and Frosh,1988,5). This definition pertains to whether or not it involves genital or physical contact and whether or not there is a discernable harmful outcome in the short term. Child sexual abuse is a highly difficult problem and is far more commonplace than previously thought and also affects older as well as younger children(MacFarlaneWaterman,1986) although their is a greater degree of seriousness among practitioners about the urgency of intervention to protect children from such abuse. Another form of abuse that has received prominence in recent years is Institutional abuse that mainly involved children living in residential care including being under the care of a local authority with one case that rose to prominence being the Pindown Inquiry in 1991 concerning the use of a system referred to as Pindown in children’s homes in Staffordshire England. You read "Understanding Abuse" in category "Papers" The Inquiry outlined how methods of controlling children involved techniques that could be construed as sensory deprivation and solitary confinement, were used over a large period of time under the approval of the management of Staffordshire Social Services being only described as brutal in there approach. In the following years a glut of cases came to the fore and the Department of Health responded by instigating a general inquiry in the state of residential care that came to be known as the Utting report 1991,that provided a view on the conflicting sides in care homes good and bad and making a note of the need for greater vigilance and the development of greater measures to protect the safety of children in such places of care. In situations where abuse occurs different groups and individuals can be more vulnerable to abuse than others and the need for greater research into these cases will only help to develop a better understanding of abuse and its forms.. One grouping where abuse has gained significance and shown how a group can be more vulnerable is amongst elderly individuals in domiciliary and residential settings as â€Å"behind closed doors† can be more difficult to combat as contact between victims and services can be extremely limited. Elder abuse has probably been placed in the background in its significance to such abuse as child abuse but any form of abuse is not to be tolerated as each individual has a significant sense of worth and uniqueness in life though elder abuse is often an ignored and hidden problem in society as â€Å"The voice of older people is rarely heard by those who have responsibility for commissioning,regulating and inspecting services†(Fitzgerald,G,Action for Elder Abuse). In 2000 the Dept issued guidance(No Secrets) on the protection of vulnerable adults from abuse defining a vulnerable person as one â€Å"who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability,age or illness and who is or may be unable to protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation†(No Secrets,paras2. 5-2. 6) and although this definition was not restricted to older people it has received criticism as it appeared to exclude those individuals who do not require community care but with no standard definition of Elder abuse in the United kingdom as the term has been imported from the United States one commonly used definition is â€Å"a single or repeated act of inappropriate action occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person†(House of Commons Health Commitee,Elder Abuse,Volume 1,2004,P5). Abuse exists when a lack of care from one person towards another is present in a relationship and the thought of predicting abuse or neglect is appealing because of its ability to be preventative and adults have a sense or obligation of care in may respects of life being held to be trustworthy in the application of that duty but the more responsible the relationship the higher the chance of abuse that can exist and parental care is one context that can be seen as the primary type of relationship where abuse can occur and what does or does not be held to be adequate care can be important when making decisions about the likelihood of abuse occurring. With the Childrens Act 1989 not giving any firm statement of intent on what can be deemed adequate care and broad ideas on what care should involve such as physical and emotional responses,health,protection and cognitive behavioural development, research and evidence can be crucial in reviewing contexts and the suggestion that particular c hildren can be determined for abuse with researchers interested in the dynamics of why particular children are susceptible. Predicting abuse by observing maternal responses to new born babies is an important feature of child protection with children who are seen as not wanted or the â€Å"wrong sex† by their parents at a greater risk(Roberts ,1980) but many parents often carry into life unresolved issues from their own childhood or present circumstances that have a substantial impact on their ability to form deep and lasting relationships with their children,†The undermining effect of a difficult child on parental functioning will be lessened when the parent has an abundance of personal psychological resources ,conversely an easy to rear child can compensate for limited personal resources on the part of the parent on maintaining parental effectiveness†(BelskyVondra,1989,188), therefore solid connections to parent or primary care giver is essential to the child’s development and growth. Parents who experience substance abuse,domestic violence or mental health issues can provide risk factors or damaging environments where children can be open to abuse and although not all parents with these experiences can be a risk to their children,their ability to provide adequate care can be limited and damaging. Substance misuse can result in a parents ability to erform basic parenting tasks(Kroll,2004) and be generative of chaotic environments and has come to focus in many families that are under child protection enquiries even during pregnancy and early development. Mental illness can also be seen as another factor relating to abuse ranging from a parents depression to psychotic or delusional violence that can result in fatal cases. The risks can be seen as greater if the parent shows hostility or aggression towards the child,ultimately becoming a target with many children taking on a caring role themselves as parenting can be in conflict and opposition. Another factor co-exis ting and overlapping with the factors previously discussed is domestic violence. Domestic violence is common and is seen usually in the context of the male exerting power over a female and a form of controlling behaviour with violence beginning even during pregnancy increasing in severity leading to a effect on emotional and psychosocial development. With a child being witness to such behaviour anxiety and stress can result in the childs having long term effect even when physical violence is not present. So although factors can emphasise a disposition to abuse the truth is never that clear and no single event or outcome can be determined and the likelihood is that factors such as those discussed are part of a complex context and set of circumstances beginning even long before the child is involved. Social factors can also have considerable effect on abuse and links have been made between male unemployment and the physical abuse of children(Gillham,1998) and the Department of Health has also conducted its own studies finding that 95 percent of children on protection registers are from poor families(Dept of Health,1995) with children from lower economic environments more likely to be abused(Lawson,2000),nevertheless it has been argued that child abuse cuts across all social class with lower classes more susceptible to come under government investigation because of their need for more government resources with this in mind â€Å"Child abuse is strongly related to class, inequality and poverty both in terms of prevelance and severity†¦ olving the problem requires a realignment of social policy which recognises the necessity of tackling the social,economic and cultural conditions associated with the abuse†(Parton,1985,175-176) â€Å"Abuse in the form of violence against women is a normal feature of patriarcial relations. It is a major vehicle that men use in controlling women,as such it is the norm not an aberration. The widespread incidence of child sexual abuse reveals the extent to which men are prepared to wield sexual violence as a major weapon in asserting their authority over women† (Dominelli,1986,p12) Abuse can be seen as a product of a particular culture and child rearing practices are different from time to place being influenced by religion,class,sexuality etc. Culturally approved practices â€Å"such as isolating infants and small children in rooms or beds of their own at night,making them wait for readily available food or allowing them to cry without immediate attending to their needs or desires would be at odds with the child rearing philosophies of most of the cultures discussed†(Korbin,1981,p4) need to be taken into consideration when defining are certain acts abusive but that does not mean that these ideas are not to be challenged. In the vast majority of abuse cases children or women can be seen to the victim and women have been subjected to horrendous acts and ordeals through out many cultures. The challenging of old ideas as an example can be seen in the context of the rape of women in Zimbabwe being traditionally remedied by the arrangement of the perpetrator to the victim in marriage. This act can be seen as seriously and psychologically wicked in its practice but it is an example of where outside support for change can b e directed. Other cultural practices such as circumsion and clitoridectomy should be seen as widely abusive acts (FinkelhorKorbin,1988) and as all abuse is seen in the context of power over the victim rape is another practice especially in the context of war,with the idea of dehumanising the victims leaving a state of fear,anger and hate having long term effects individually and collectively. Being able to differentiate between culturally normative and abusive behaviour without the fear of being seen as racist or stereotypical in approach can result in the protection of abusive individuals and many cases have seen elements of the failure to protect, such examples have included Tyra Henry(Lambeth,1987),Ailee Labonte(Newham Area child protection committee,2002) and Victoria Climbie(Laming,2003),so culture can be a significant factor in how abuse operates and is defined. â€Å"No one ever became depraved with suddenness† (Juvenal,AD c-60-c130) To conclude, further study and research needs to be paid into abuse, its characteristics and manifestations and greater clarification needs to be sought in many areas and inquiry within the context of abuse, peer relationships and the way they are experienced and handled having implications in how individuals relate to others in life as â€Å"Contemporaries increasingly seek one another as the primary sources of support, security and intimacy†(MuellerSilverman,1989,p583) so many factors need to be taken into account when in discussion but as stated earlier abuse is seen as the act of power over another individual or group so the last words belong to the great Carl Jung in that â€Å"Where love reigns ,there is no will to power and where power is all pervading,Love is absent. The one is but the shadow of the other† (Carl Gustav Jung ,1917,Gesammelte Werke,Vol. 7,Zurich,Rascheter-Verlag) How to cite Understanding Abuse, Papers

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sales Force Automation free essay sample

Managing sales is not difficult while a company is small. However, when sales start to grow, it is very hard to manage enlarged sales workflow as effectively as before. It is because the increasing number of sales tasks, the number of regions, customers and products. It is taxing for salespersons to handle sales grows without a special system for planning, tracking, analysing, reporting, and controlling all aspects of sales activity, projects and tasks. Therefore, various sales management systems are developed in order to order to assist sales force operation. Sales Force Automation systems (SFA) are sales management systems that record all the stages in a sales process. SFA tracks all contact that has been made with customers, the purpose of the contact, and any information that might be needed. This ensures that sales efforts would not be duplicated. This eliminates unnecessary procedures and the risk of irritating customers. SFA also includes a sales lead tracking system, sales forecasting, order management and product knowledge. 2. 0 Advantages of Sales Force Automation System (SFA) Technology is critical for success in selling and marketing today. When implemented strategically and effectively, it can provide a lot of benefits. The Internet is one of the ideal platforms for SFA. SFA systems have features where customers can customise the product to meet their required needs through online product building systems. This is becoming more and more popular in the IT industry, where consumers can customise various features. For instance: Dell computer offers optional product features and accessories for consumers. By adopting SFA, Dell’s sales operation becomes more efficient and thus operating cost can be minimised. Businesses which use the Customer relationship management (CRM) as a form of SFA strategy will benefit from it. CRM is a strategy where companies choose and manage the most valuable customer relationship (Ingram et al. 2006, p. 53). SFA as a CRM tool will help companies to effectively manage customer relationship provided there is a right direction and strategy. Customer relationship management is an example of a technology that can provide substantial business value for your sales and marketing functions (Stein 2006). SFA is also been used as a profit maximising tool. By investing in SFA, with proper sales force training; a company’s value will be increased and it will be a competitive advantage for the company. For instance: Marriott hotel adopts SFA to maximise its room occupancy in a way that it will bring most revenue to the hotel. Besides, SFA also helps the sales manager to safe time. Before, the sales manager had to do the analytic job manually and it could take up a whole day. Today, the sales manager can get the job done in less than an hour with the help of SFA. SFA has enabled the $9 billion company to extend its competitive advantage at a time when its competitors were struggling just to survive (Overby 2005). 3. 0 Disadvantages of Sales Force Automation System (SFA) However, SFA does have its disadvantages as well. If SFA systems are not adopted and properly integrated to all departments, there might be a lack of communication which could result in different departments contacting the same customer for the same purpose. In order to ease this risk, SFA must be fully integrated in all departments that deal with customer service management. Software that automates sales and marketing, also known as front-office functions, is being adopted by many firms today. However, the capability to measure its ROI is controversial. This is because the systems are not easy enough to use for salespeople with broadly ranging technical skill, a lack of real support and also proper financial support from the top management (Holt Radosevich 1998). CRM, on the other hand; will turn out to be disaster if the sales force is not properly guided. If the company’s messages are confusing and your marketing team is working without a plan, the company’s customer elationship will be worst off. Sales person are forced to spend some part of their day inputting information about their prospects into a CRM system, but without gaining any value from the process, they are going to get demotivated (Stein 2006). For instance: Toshibas PC business also took a light-handed approach when getting its salespeople to adopt CRM. Toshiba constantly improve the system to help convince their salespeople to use it. Toshiba also deployed a data entry group to populate the CRM database, rather than depending on salespeople to do it in their spare time (James 2003). Eventually, Toshiba spend more financial and human resources unnecessarily. In addition, there are certain products where personal contact is crucial. SFA dehumanised a sales process that is suppose to be personal. For example: industrial products. Therefore, SFA are not meant for B2B sales, but B2C sales like Dell computers and Louis Voitton purses. 4. 0 Conclusion In order to adapt to the rapid development of the technology nowadays, firms have to adopt SFA in order to stay competitive as SFA can create competitive advantage. However, proper governance should be give from the top management to the sales force in order to avoid any complication which will further affect the sales management process. Thus, efficiency can be optimised and avoid wastage of resources. Last but not least, application of SFA is only appropriate when the business only requires minimum personal contact with the buyers.

Roosevelt’s New Deal Programs an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Roosevelt’s New Deal Programs The United States found itself in economic and social turmoil during the Great Depression, with little hope being offered from the federal government. When Franklin Roosevelt announced his candidacy for President of the United States, the country was in great need of a new direction and a renewed confidence in itself, after loosing all faith in President Herbert Hoover. As the Democratic challenger to the lame duck President Hoover, Roosevelt disagreed with the economic policies of the incumbent president, and insisted that the government should take firm steps to insure the well-being of the people. With Hoover arguing for only the limited interference from the government in matters of economics, Roosevelts ideas granted him an overwhelming victory in the election of 1932, and also gave the Democrats substantial majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. With all these elements in place, Roosevelt was able to propose to the American public a new deal" that would seek to reverse the failing economic situation in the country. Need essay sample on "Roosevelts New Deal Programs" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Often Tell EssayLab professionals: I'm don't want to write my paper. Because I want to spend time with my family Professional writers suggest: Academic Papers For Sale Buy College Essays Online Review Essays For Money Pay Someone To Write My Paper Cheap Writing Service Reviews The New Deal is remembered by many today as the time that the Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the American government took initiative to help out underprivileged Americans. Before the sweeping changes proposed by Roosevelts new deal," as well as government interventions into many aspects of American economic life, the federal government largely kept to a line of rule that included as little interference as possible into the lives of its citizens. However, like his distant cousin before him, President Teddy" Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt used the office of the presidency as an office of moral and political leadership. In his opinion, it was his duty, as well as the duty of the American federal government to make sure that the American people did not continue to suffer as it had during its Great Depression. Through his mastery as a politician and his skills as an orator, Roosevelt encouraged not only his fellow politicians, but also Americans, that federal support was necessary to life t he country out of its despair. For a month before his inauguration, Roosevelt observed that depositors, fearful of bank failures, were making runs" on their banks to withdraw cash, thereby compelling many banks to shut their doors; immediately upon taking office, Roosevelt closed all banks by declaring a bank holiday," then called Congress into special session and quickly obtained legislation empowering Treasury officials to examine the banks and reopen those that were solvent (Gordon 477). Roosevelts vigorous action restored public confidence not only in the banks but also in the federal government, and the earliest inklings of what would become his New Deal began to emerge. The strength of Roosevelts political influence contributed to the implementation of many of his New Deal initiatives. Roosevelt held frequent press conferences and utilized them to present his ideas to the American public and to dominate newspaper headlines. In addition, Roosevelt adeptly used the radio to reach into the American home with his fireside chats." In an informal manner, Roosevelt addressed his listeners as my friends" and gained public support for his New Deal programs (478). Roosevelt established himself as a leader concerned with the forgotten man of the American culture and offered help for the average citizen, promising a new deal for the American people." Roosevelt reestablished the Presidency as a position of leadership, and in doing so created a great deal of controversy as well as admiration for his populist ideals in the New Deal, which is still considered one of the most significant social actions of the twentieth century and credited for helping to end the Gre at Depression. However, it was also met with harsh criticism by opponents, and looked as if it would be stopped cold in its tracks many times. However, despite the mounting criticism, the New Deal continued and eventually transformed the country. Some of the first programs initiated officially of the New Deal took part during what became known as the Hundred Days." The banking act was the first of many laws enacted by Congress during the three months of its special session. Roosevelt proposed many new laws and using his position as party leader and public orator, secured every major proposal. Some of these acts include the Federal Emergency Relief Act, which provided grants to states for relief of destitute persons; the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which raised farm prices by curtailing production; the National Industrial Recovery Act, which sped business recovery by codes of fair competition; and many more proposals got their start during the hundred days (481). While some institutions became permanent, like the Tennessee Valley Authority that provided a massive public works construction project that provided dams and hydroelectricity along seven states in the Tennessee Valley, many of the other agencies created during the h undred days were temporary and designed to counter specific problems of the Depression. Few were completely successful, and the Depression would continue for six more years, but psychologically the nation turned a corner in the spring of 1933, and under Roosevelt the government seemed to be responding to the economic crisis enabling people to look to the future with hope (Divine 775). The programs of the New Deal would continue to be introduced throughout the 1930s, despite opposition within the government. Even though many in the government opposed the programs enacted in the New Deal, it was making headway in 1934. The National Housing Act passed on June 28, and stimulated home building by setting up an agency that insured loans made for construction (Green 524). The New Deal was also endorsed by the American public during the mid-term elections of 1934, and in January of 1935, Roosevelt introduced his Second New Deal in his annual message to Congress, which included broader social reformers designed to help farmers, workers, the poor, and the unemployed. Roosevelts relief for the unemployed included trying to get employed instead of collecting relief benefits while not working. This led to the formation of large-scale public works programs through the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, which also created the Works Progress Administration (525). The public works programs created by this employed millions, despite criticism that many of the construction projects were unnecessary. Howe ver, it went a long way in creating jobs for the unemployed and contributed to Americas recovering economy. The New Deal also helped farmers, and the Resettlement Administration was created by executive order. The administrations duty was to find better land for impoverished farmers, as well as loans that would enable small farmers, tenants, sharecroppers, and agricultural workers money to buy land and equipment (526). The Rural Electrification Administration also sought to provide electricity to rural areas that were not served by private electric companies, helping many American farms in the process. While the New Deal also improved labor relations through the National Labor Relations Act, banking reform by increasing the membership of the Federal Reserve Board through the Banking Act, tax Reform through the Wealth Tax Act, which taxed the wealthy, and utilities reform through the Public Utilities Holding Company Act which sought to eliminate utility monopolies, the most lasting and popular reform was the Social Security Act (526). Through the Social Security Act, a national system of ol d age and survivors insurance was established, giving a pension to retired persons over 65 years of age or older; additionally, the act also set up a joint federal-state system of unemployment compensation and authorized grants to states for various social services (526). While some of Roosevelts New Deal promises were eventually struck down as unconstitutional, the lasting effects of it and the Second New Deal continue to be felt today. The importance of Roosevelts New Deal was far greater than just pulling the United States out of the throes of the Great Depression. On this matter, the New Deal could be considered a failure, and the United States was not fully out of the Depression until the military industrial production reached a frenzied pitch just before the United States joined the fight against the Nazis. The effects of the New Deal helped strengthen the power of the federal government and proved that it could influence the psychological mindset of the American public. Though the many programs went a long way in improving the situation faced by many Americans, it was the foundation it created for the remainder of the twentieth century. The New Deal restored courage and optimism to the American people and improved the economic status of most Americans. It also provided work relief, which enabled the unemployed to retain their self-respect and which enriched the nation with roads, public buildings, dams, and pa rks. The New Deal also increased government spending, thereby offsetting declines in private spending and helped the economy to recover from the Depression. Finally, the many public works programs of the New Deal reduced unemployment by five million and treated the remaining unemployed humanely, successfully regulated capitalism and introduced laws of permanent value, and expanded federal power over our economic system and yet maintained democratic methods and personal freedoms (Gordon 479). The importance of the New Deal to the context of the historical period is that it allowed America to gain economic strength and national confidence that allowed it to become one of the strongest powers in the world. The effects immediately felt by the New Deal did affect millions of Americans, but its programs would also turn the ultra-capitalism of the early twentieth century and introduce socialist ideals into the government, including things like social security and welfare. This helped America come closer to the true ideals set forth in the founding documents. While it failed to completely eradicate class divisions, or the fact that the haves often have a significantly amount more than the have-nots, it made class consciousness a subject of national awareness. Finally, in more than just political rhetoric or empty promises, the federal government took conscious action to see that the common man was protected and became a focus of the political agenda. The idea of political and economic equality existed since the founding founders, but a strong aristocratic ruling class had persisted in keeping the rich rich and the poor poor, while also keeping the masses relatively ignorant. The New Deal so ught to eradicate this mindset, not only in the common man but in the ruling classes. Combined with the events that would follow in World War II, the New Deal could be seen as a direct reason for the equal rights movements that would come to dominate the middle and latter half of the twentieth century. The ideas of equality despite economic disparity, dignity regardless of employment status, and the belief that the federal government truly had the best interests of its people in mind all stem directly from Roosevelt and his efforts. Though the New Deal was borne of the poor economic situation, it went far beyond to create a modern and cosmopolitan America. The socialist ideals inherent in the New Deal have been attacked by anti-communists for the entire twentieth century, as well as the powerful corporate American structure, but they have persisted because of the support of the American populace. The ideals of the New Deal continue to be controversial, but they are also respected by millions of Americans that cannot imagine a world without social security, public roads, and national parks. In the end, the New Deal did more to improve the confidence of the American citizens in themselves and the government and, through its socialist programs, helped preserve the democratic ideals of equality, liberty, and justice for all. Works Cited: Divine, Robert A. America Past and Present. 3rd Ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1991. Gordon, Irving. American History. 2nd Ed. New York: Amsco School Publications, Inc.,1993. Green, Robert. The American Tradition. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1984.

Passive Voice Definition and Examples

Passive Voice Definition and Examples In traditional grammar, the term passive voice refers to a type of sentence or clause in which the subject receives the action of the verb. For example, A good time was had by all. Contrast with active voice. The most common form of the passive in English is the short passive or agentless passive: a construction in which the agent (that is, the performer of an action) is not identified. For example, Mistakes were made. (In a long passive, the object of the verb in an active sentence becomes the subject.) See the discussion of the passive gradient in Examples and Observations below. Often the passive voice is formed by using the appropriate form of the verb to be (for example, is) and a past participle (for example, formed). However, passive constructions arent always made up of be and a past participle. For example, see the discussion of the get-passive. Though many style guides discourage use of the passive, the construction can be quite useful, especially when the performer of an action is unknown or unimportant. Passive constructions can also enhance cohesion. Examples and Observations Last week our dogwood tree was struck by lightning.Pandora, from Greek mythology, was given a box with all the worlds evils in it.(Randy Pausch, The Last Lecture, 2008)It is believed that in the elementary school a class of fifteen pupils for one teacher gives better results than either a class of three or a class of thirty.(Psychological Foundations of Educational Technology, ed. by W.C. Trow and E.E. Haddan, 1976)[Fern] found an old milking stool that had been discarded, and she placed the stool in the sheepfold next to Wilburs pen.(E.B. White, Charlottes Web, 1952)America was discovered accidentally by a great seaman who was looking for something else . . .. America was named after a man who discovered no part of the New World. History is like that, very chancy.(Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People, 1965)Her bones were foundround thirty years laterwhen they razedher building toput up a parking lot.(Maya Angelou, Chicken-Licken. Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well, 1975) In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and has been widely regarded as a bad move.(Douglas Adams, The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, 1979)Fiction was invented the day Jonas arrived home and told his wife that he was three days late because he had been swallowed by a whale.(attributed to Gabriel Garcia Marquez)The young gentleman was later seen by me in front of the gare Saint-Lazare.(Raymond Queneau, Passive. Exercises in Style, 1947) In Defense of the Passive Voice The proportion of passive verbs varies with the type of prose: scientific prose, for instance, may show far more passives than narrative prose. But to point this out is not to denigrate scientific writing. The difference merely reflects the different natures of content, purpose, and audience. . . . Not only is the passive voice a significantly frequent option in modern prose, but it is also often the clearest and briefest way to convey information. . . . Indiscriminate slandering of the passive voice ought to be stopped. The passive should be recognized as a quite decent and respectable structure of English grammar, neither better nor worse than other structures. When it is properly chosen, wordiness and obscurity are no more increased than when the active voice is properly chosen. Its effective and appropriate use can be taught. (Jane R. Walpole, Why Must the Passive Be Damned? College Composition and Communication, 1979) True Passives, Semi-Passives, and the Passive Gradient The statistic from corpus analyses that four-fifths of passive sentences in texts occur without the agentive by-phrase makes a nonsense out of deriving passives from actives. In the active subjects are obligatory; there can be no active sentences without a subject. So where do all these passives with no agent come from whereby the agent is unknown? Not from an underlying active, obviously. It is common practice to assume a dummy subject in such cases, equivalent to someone, i.e. underlying My house was burgled is the sentence Someone burgled my house. But that is stretching a point beyond credibility. . . . [Randolph] Quirk et al. [in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985] attempt to get over this problem by presenting a passive gradient and the notion of semi-passive, exemplified by the following sentences: (33) This violin was made by my father.(34) This conclusion is hardly justified by the results.(35) Coal has been replaced by oil.(36) This difficulty can be avoided in several ways.- - - - - - - - - - -(37) We are encouraged to go on with the project.(38) Leonard was interested in linguistics.(39) The building is already demolished.(40) The modern world is getting more highly industrialized and mechanized.(41) My uncle was/got/seemed tired. The dotted line indicates the break between real passives and semi-passives. Those above the line are real passives, those below the line are increasingly remote from the ideal passive with a unique active paraphrase, and are not real passives at allthey are semi-passives. (Christopher Beedham, Language And Meaning: The Structural Creation of Reality. John Benjamins, 2005) Rise of the Get-Passive The passive in English is usually formed with the verb to be, yielding they were fired or the tourist was robbed. But we also have the get passive, giving us they got fired and the tourist got robbed. The get-passive goes back at least 300 years, but it has been on a rapid rise during the past 50 years. It is strongly associated with situations which are bad news for the subject- getting fired, getting robbed- but also situations that give some kind of benefit. (They got promoted. The tourist got paid.) However, the restrictions on its use may be relaxing over time and get-passives could get a whole lot bigger. (Arika Okrent, Four Changes to English So Subtle We Hardly Notice Theyre Happening. The Week, June 27, 2013) When to Use the Passive Voice in Journalistic Writing Lauren Kessler and Duncan McDonald [in When Words Collide, 8th ed., Wadsworth, 2012] offer two situations in which the passive voice must be used. First, passive voice is justified if the receiver of the action is more important than the creator of the action. They use this example: A priceless Rembrandt painting was stolen from the Metropolitan Museum of Art yesterday by three men posing as janitors. In this case, the Rembrandt should remain the subject of the sentence even though it receives the action. The painting is obviously more importantmore newsworthythan the three men who stole it.Kessler and McDonalds second reason for using passive voice is if the writer has no choice. Thats when the writer does not know who what the actor, or the creator of the action, is. The example they use: The cargo was damaged during the trans-Atlantic flight. Air turbulence? Sabotage? Was the cargo strapped in properly? The writer doesnt know, so the voice must be passive. (Robert M. Knight, A Journalistic Approach to Good Writing: The Craft of Clarity, 2nd ed. Iowa State Press, 2003) Evasive Uses of the Passive Voice: Mistakes Were Made [W]hen [New Jersey Governor Chris Christie] said mistakes were made, did he know he was quoting Nixon press secretary Ron Ziegler, or did that particular obfuscatory use of the passive voice just pop into his head? (Katha Pollitt, Christie: A Bully’s Bully. The Nation, February 3, 2014)Mistakes were made. I didnt make them. (Chief of Staff and later Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Jr., on the Watergate scandals, January 1981)We did not achieve what we wished, and serious mistakes were made in trying to do so. (President Ronald Reagan, regarding the Iran-Contra affair, January 1987)Clearly, no one regrets more than I do the appearance of impropriety. Obviously, some mistakes were made.† (Chief of Staff John Sununu, when caught using government military aircraft for personal trips, December 1991)Mistakes were made here by people who either did it deliberately or inadvertently. (President Bill Clinton, when it was discovered that he had invited the countrys senior bankin g regulator to a meeting with the Democratic Party’s senior fund-raiser, January 1997) I acknowledge that mistakes were made here. (Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, regarding the firing of eight U.S. attorneys, March 2007)We have not passed that subtle line between childhood and adulthood until we move from the passive voice to the active voicethat is, until we have stopped saying It got lost, and say, I lost it. (Sidney J. Harris, On the Contrary, 1962)

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Marketing - Essay Example That is a very high number, and if we use several of these in sales, it is easy to end up having several facts that we can no longer connect. From personal experiences, I have experienced a lie needing another lie just to cover it up. It is therefore not a good sales strategy to promise a client the moon just to close the deal, and then have problems in delivering it later on. Eventually, word may go around and you will have lesser and lesser prospects who will believe you and your sales pitch. Habit # 19: Sell Yourself on Yourself I find this tip very valuable. Firstly, I believe that an individual emit confidence if he or she feels that. I mentioned confidence because this is a very important characteristic of a good salesperson, and one can only be confident enough if he can make himself believe that he can do it. Personally, I call it practice, and I know people have done it several times, not only in sales, but even in school presentations. One cannot expect audience to apprecia te a sales pitch (in this case, a presentation) that the presenter himself cannot appreciate, or at least believe in. It is important that the salesperson is able to sell himself and his product, first, to himself, convincingly. Habit # 20: Start Early What could be a more basic tip than starting early? Starting early gives you an edge in having more time to spend for your work.

Child support maintenance Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Child support maintenance - Research Proposal Example The inefficiency of the Child Support Agency in administering child support has hardly made the work easier for stakeholders in the child support industry. One of the most controversial issues is having the parents with care in the child support maintenance. There is a new legislation that is supposed to abolish this, but even though it is in place, its provisions have not yet started being enforced. It begs the question of whether the UK’s system that has parent with care in child support maintenance is correct in doing so. This paper answers that question along with explaining the reason for the existence of that situation. Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Research Title†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Objectives of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Research Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Research Philosophy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Data Collection methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Ethical Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Child Support Maintenance Title The tentative research title for this research will be ‘Child Support Maintenance in the UK: Explaining Parent with Care Perspective.’ It is tentative and, therefore, subject to change as the objectives of the research will direct. Background Child support maintenance has been around in the UK for a very long time. It is one of those areas of interest that has raised so much heat in the legal and legislative arenas. Child maintenance involves providing financial help for a child’s everyday living costs which include food, clothes and a home for the child (Wikeley, 2006). This situation usually arises when there are parents who have divorced or separated such that only one of them remains with the custody of the child or children. The parent who takes the responsibility of providing the full care for the child is the one defined as the parent with care under s. 3(3) of the Child Support Act 1991 (Heaton, 2013). The couple may decide to arrange a private family-based arrangement where the parents agree on the terms of maintaining the child. Alternatively, they may decide to go the statutory way; the child maintenance service. Before 30th November 2013, the Child Support Agency established under the Child Support Act 1991 was the body tasked with determining and remitting of the maintenance contributions. However, it was found to be inefficient as the resources it was using to run and administer its services were more than the monetary value of its benefits (Heaton, 2013). The Child Support Act is the main legislation that is used to govern child maintenance in the UK. It provides the legal framework for the payment of child maintenance (Gov.uk, 2014). It also explicates the importance of paying child maintenance and points out that it supports the child’

Documentary Cinema, Choose one form 2 topics but I rather first one Essay

Documentary Cinema, Choose one form 2 topics but I rather first one - Essay Example While the majority of films are fictions based, the realm of the documentary films is of great important as well. This paper will analyze in details the film that is titled Sans Soleil and explore elements of its, proving that they make it an outstanding essay documentary. It is quite understandable that the voice of the narrator plays a significant role in the perception of the movie. In addition to that, as a rule, the directors often narrate their movies themselves: that is why the audience is able to hear the authors speaking. However, Sans Soleil is quite different. The narrator is a woman. She does not say her name; moreover, she simply reads the letter that supposedly she received. This is rather innovative since it hides the true identity of the author of the documentary, substituting it with a pleasant voice of a woman which over time becomes monotonous as there were really few variations of it as she reads the letters. Another point that should be mentioned about cinematography of the movie in question is its frequent use of still frame. To begin with, there are certain scenes which end with a frozen frame that catches a person in action. There is no doubt that such approach towards the video narration is quite interesting as to a certain extent it gives the audience a feeling that one watches raw material on the editors table and not a finished film. There are also frames that catch people looking into the camera. This is quite exciting as for a moment the characters of the film are looking at the audience. In a different scene the narration is facilitated which swapping of several still frames that substitute a normal image. There is a peculiar scene of the movie: the camera man walks among the corpses of animals which were sacrifices. The camera moves slowing from one pit to another, taking a long look at the corpses. The latter have absolutely no skin and bare have any muscles; they mostly resemble bones with

Strategic implementation process

Strategic implementation process Implementing Strategies the step that differentiates between success and failure of strategic planning. Abstract To discuss in detail, the strategic implementation process and also to understand the management and operational nuances of a successful implementation. The topic spans across vital tools such as annual objectives, organizational structure, reengineering, performance culture and process improvements. The research paper also brings out the challenges of implementation, which are much complex to solve, and makes it even more difficult to implement the formulated strategies. This research also authenticates the fact that there is a pre-requirement for special set of programs/ initiatives etc to prepare an organization towards change in the terms of peoples acceptance towards the new implementation. (www.csuchico.edu/mgmt/strategy/module/sld044.html) Literature Review The strategy management process does not end when the firm decides what strategy to pursue. There must be a translation of strategic thought into strategic action. This translation is much easier if the managers and the employees of the firm understand the business, feels as part of the company, committed to the organizations strategic intent. Implementing a strategy affects the firm from top to bottom; it also affects all the functional/ divisional areas of business. Even the most technically perfect strategy plan will serve little purpose if it is not implemented. Many organizations tend to spend an inordinate amount of money, time and resources in developing strategic plans; but lets them wither out once change or uncertainty creeps in, failure of implementation is not only a setback but erodes the confidence of the firm and brings it back to worse than the pre-strategic scenarios leading to management failure and organization chaos. Research Aims Objectives Startegy formulation concepts and tools do not differ greatly between small, large or bigger firms, but the implementation varies substantially among different types and sizes of organizations. As the implementation will affect many aspects of the organization like the altering of sales territories, expanding financial budgets, changes in the pricing model, developing new employee benefits, establishing cost-control procedures, changing marketing approaches, building on infrastructures for ehnaced products and services, better management information systems, launching new organization wide development projects and initiatives. This research paper exactly focusses on these aspects and try to elucidate the managerial and operational perspectives in breif details with respect to strategy implementation. Research Methodology An individual project research covering many corporate strategies internet links, strategic business books, executive management journals, the Harvard Business Review magazines and various case studies. Some articles were also used as references in the Strategy Focused Organization written by the Robert Kaplan David Norton duos. Few were read from various SEM websites, through the search engine Google. It is more of a desktop based literature research and translating the understanding into research paper/ article. Discussion Management Perspectives The transition from formulation to implementation requires a shift un responsibility from strategists to divisional/ functional managers. Managers and employees are motivated more on perceived self-interest than organizational interest, hence it is essential for the top management to translate these goals in alignment with their personal/ functional goals, so a message is sent across that achieving these small set of goals leads to achieve the super ordinate organizational goals. These will let the management focus on establishing annual objectives and then breaking them down to functional objectives, devising policies and procedures to act as a general guideline for steering the functionalities, followed by allocating resources (material, money and men), restructuring and regrouping if necessary to align to the need of the organizations strategy, structured communication programs to reduce resistance for change, revising the rewards and the incentives plans, developing a strategic s upport culture, adapting to synergetic operational and production processes and developing an effective HR function. Management changes are necessarily more extensive when strategies to be implemented move a firm in a major new direction. The managers should start involving in strategy implementation process right from the early stages so as to maintain the commitment towards the end results and transfer the confidence to grass root level so that their team members are also motivated to work towards the agreed objectives both functional and organizational. Top-down flow of communication is essential for developing bottom-up support. Every employee should be able to benchmark his/her efforts against best-in-class competitors so that the challenge becomes personal, on the other hand the firm should provide the best training for both managers and employees to ensure that they have to acquire and maintain skills necessary to be world-class performers. Strategic management should not become self-perpetuating bureaucratic mechanism. Rather it must be a reflective learning process that familiarizes managers and employers in the organization with key strategic issues and feasible alternatives for resolving those issues. It must not become ritualistic, stilted, orchestrated or too formal, predictable and rigid. Always remember to keep the strategic management process simple but effective, jargon-free but content rich. Words supported by numbers should be represented as the medium for explaining strategic issues and organizational responses. A key role of strategist is to facilitate continuous organization change and learning that enhances the next perspective production operations (HR, Learning, Culture and Leadership aspects as well). Discussion Production/ Operations (Learning, HR) Perspective The production or operations perspective constitute more than 70% of the firms total routine strategy or operational strategy. These limitations can significantly enhance the risk of non-attainment of the desired objectives as they are back bone of the business development/ market expansion focuses of the organization. Production related decisions on plant size, plant locations, product design, choice of equipments, kind of tooling, size of inventory, inventory control, quality control, cost control, use of standards, job specialization, employee training, equipment and resource utilizations, shipping and packaging and technological innovations can have a dramatic impact on the success or failure of strategy-implementation efforts. Factors that should be studied before locating production facilities include the availability of resources, make or outsource decisions, margin of production costings, the location of major markets, political risks in the area/ region. For high technology companies, production costs may not be as important as production flexibilities because major product changes can happen more frequently. This also results in cross-training of employees in various production platforms leading to: Reduction in substantial investments in training learning activities. Workers skill level gets cross-pollinated and resulting in higher efficiency. It can reduce the thrust of managers responsibility in training/ and make them focus more towards coaching and mentoring. It reduces time gaps and hence gains on productivity levels are easily expected. You have to understand your industry well to develop the connection between process improvements and outputs achieved. Take three divisional examples of cycle-time measurement, a common process measure. For much of our defense business, no premium is earned for early delivery. And the contracts allow for reimbursement of inventory holding costs. Therefore, attempts to reduce inventory or cycle times in this business produce no benefit for which the customer is willing to pay. The only benefits from cycle time or inventory reduction occur when reduction in factory-floor complexity leads to real reductions in product cost. The output performance targets must be real cash savings, not reduced inventory levels or cycle times. In contrast, significant lead-time reductions could be achieved for our packaging machinery business. This improvement led to lower inventory and an option to access an additional 35% of the market. In this case, the cycle-time improvements could be tied to specific targets for increased sales and market share. It wasnt linear, but output seemed to improve each time we improved throughput times. And in one of our agricultural machinery businesses, orders come within a narrow time window each year. The current build cycle is longer than the ordering window, so all units must be built to the sales forecast. This process of building to forecast leads to high inventory-more than twice the levels of our other businesses-and frequent overstocking and obsolescence of equipment. Incremental reductions in lead time do little to change the economics of this operation. But if the build cycle time could be reduced to less than the six-week ordering time window for part or all of the build schedule, then a breakthrough occurs. The division can shift to a build-to-order schedule and eliminate the excess inventory caused by building to forecasts. In this case, the benefit from cycle-time reductions is a step-function that comes only when the cycle time drops below a critical level. So here we have three businesses, three different processes, all of which could have elaborate systems for measuring quality, cost, and time but would feel the impact of improvements in radically different ways. With all the diversity in our business units, senior management really cant have a detailed understanding of the relative impact of time and quality improvements on each unit. All of our senior managers, however, understand output targets, particularly when they are displayed with historical trends and future targets. The concept of learning organization (cultural intervention in strategy) is emphasized here as part of the changing business model to suit the strategic intent. Learning organizations are characterized by total employee involvement in a process of collaboratively conducted, collectively accountable change directed towards shared values or principles. (Watkins and Marsick 1992: 118). The basic rationale for such organizations is that in situations of rapid change only those that are flexible, adaptive and productive will excel. For this to happen, it is argued, organizations need to discover how to tap peoples commitment and capacity to learn at all levels. While all people have the capacity to learn, the structures in which they have to function are often not conducive to reflection and engagement. Furthermore, people may lack the tools and guiding ideas to make sense of the situations they face. Organizations that are continually expanding their capacity to create their future requi re a fundamental shift of mind among their members. When you ask people about what it is like being part of a great team, what is most striking is the meaningfulness of the experience. People talk about being part of something larger than them, of being connected, of being generative. It becomes quite clear that, for many, their experiences as part of truly great teams stands out as singular periods of life lived to the fullest. Some spend the rest of their lives looking for ways to recapture that spirit. For Peter Senge, real learning gets to the heart of what it is to be human. We become able to re-create ourselves. This applies to both individuals and organizations. Thus, for a learning organization it is not enough to survive. Survival learning or what is more often termed adaptive learning is important indeed it is necessary. But for a learning organization, adaptive learning must be joined by generative learning, learning that enhances our capacity to create The learning organizations require a new view of leadership. He sees the traditional view of leaders (as special people who set the direction, make key decisions and energize the troops as deriving from a deeply individualistic and non-systemic worldview. At its centre the traditional view of leadership, is based on assumptions of peoples powerlessness, their lack of personal vision and inability to master the forces of change, deficits which can be remedied only by a few great leaders. Against this traditional view he sets a new view of leadership that centers on subtler and more important tasks. In a learning organization, leaders are designers, stewards and teachers. They are responsible for building organizations were people continually expand their capabilities to understand complexity, clarify vision, and improve shared mental models that is they are responsible for learning. Learning organizations will remain a good idea until people take a stand for building such organizations. Taking this stand is the first leadership act, the start of inspiring (literally to breathe life into) the vision of the learning organization, which is also part of the structural intervention, a part of planned change or Organization Development. Conclusion Successful Strategy formulation does not at all guarantee successful strategy implementation, although they are sequential in nature, but the latter simply means the change actually. It is widely agreed that the real work starts after strategies are formulated. It is sometimes frightening to think a single individual, a system failure, a process hiccup or a disturbing structure would completely sabotage the success of the strategic implementation and achievement of the agreed objectives. So the actual grounds have to prepare in terms of managing human resources and political relationships, creating a strategy supporting conducive climate/ culture, adapting to the right kind of systems, operations and processes. Depending on the size and type of the organization other management issues could be equally important to successful strategic implementation. References Dale McConkey, Planning in a Changing Environment, Business Horizons, September October 1988; 66. S. Ghoshal C.A. Bartlett, Changing the role of management beyond structure to processes, HBR 73, 1(1995); 88 90. www.hbr.org How important is personal goal alignment in Strategic Objectives, article by Thomas Strickland in 1998 (White Papers Category). Richard Brown, Outsider CEO: Inspiring changes with force and grace, USA Today (July 19, 1999): 3B. H. Igor Ansoff, Strategic Management of Technology, Journal of Business Strategy 7, no: 3 (Winter 1987); 38. Jack Duncan, Management (New York Random House, 1983): 381-390. Translating strategies into action, course notes on published by HBS Feb 1990. Robert Waterman Jr. How the better get best?, Business Week (September 14th 1987): 104-105. Implementing Strategies: Management Operations Issue, Fred R. David, South Carolina University, 2006 Prentice Hall Edition, 245 261. T. Deal A. Kennedy, Culture: A new look through the old lenses, Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences 19, no:4 (1983), 498 504. Peter Senge on Learning Organizations in the American Management Journal, (Senge 1990: 340) Harris Dawn, Constance E. Helfat and Paul J Wolfson the pipeline to the top, the Academy of Management Perspectives 20, No: 4 (2006); 42. James C Wimbush, Spotlight on Human Resources Management, Business Horizon 49, No: 6 (Nov-Dec 2006); 433 Robert Simons, Control in the Age of Empowerment, Harvard Business Review (March-April 1995); 80. Readings from Strategic Management by Charles W.L. Hill Gareth R. Jones, 4th Reprinted 2000 Millennium Edition.

Utah and the Mormon Culture :: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Utah and the Mormon Culture In 1820, Joseph Smith had a vision in Palmyra, New York, of God and his son, Jesus Christ telling him to reorganize the church of Jesus Christ. During the next 10 years, Joseph was visited by other heavenly messengers, translated the Book of Mormon and established the Church of Jesus Christ Latter Day Saints. Many years thereafter, the Mormons relocated from Nauvoo, Illinois because of religious persecution (PBS Online). In Illinois, Joseph Smith had succeeded in establishing a religion which brought together its followers both sociologically and economically. Mormon followers were ordered to pay a tithing of 10% on their gross personal wealth. Those followers who were generous to the church were reportedly bestowed with an elevated position within the church which began a â€Å"pyramidal lay clergy – a device that provided a bonding camaraderie and loyalty for all male church members (Denton 13).† When Joseph Smith was murdered by an Illinois mob in June 1844, the Twel ve Apostles scattered. Sidney Rigdon assumed the Presidency, he being Smith's first counselor. The church was divided and in looming danger of dissipation. Brigham, with true Napoleonic foresight, saw his opportunity. Young hurried to Nauvoo, denounced Rigdon as an impostor and his revelations as emanations from the Devil. He cut off both Rigdon and his adherents from the true church, cursed Rigdon, and â€Å"handed him over to the buffetings of Satan for a thousand years." Young was immediately elected President by an overwhelming majority (Waite 14). Facing continued persecution, he then led the Mormons westward out of Illinois to Florence, Nebraska on the Missouri River in 1846. In 1847, Brigham Young led an exploration to the Rocky Mountains. The Mormons had discovered and selected the Great Salt Lake region as their safe haven where they could have the freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed (Katz). Brigham Young believed that Utah was the promise land for the Mormo ns because of its dense populace, the freedom they would have to practice their religion, and the ease in which they took control over the region. Once established in Utah, the Mormons identified themselves with the region claiming the state as their headquarters, even electing their church president as Governor. Brigham Young dreamed of the kingly robe and the jeweled crown in some far-off valley of the Rocky Mountains, where gentiles or their laws could not annoy the saints, or hinder the normal development of Mormonism (Waite 15). Utah and the Mormon Culture :: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Utah and the Mormon Culture In 1820, Joseph Smith had a vision in Palmyra, New York, of God and his son, Jesus Christ telling him to reorganize the church of Jesus Christ. During the next 10 years, Joseph was visited by other heavenly messengers, translated the Book of Mormon and established the Church of Jesus Christ Latter Day Saints. Many years thereafter, the Mormons relocated from Nauvoo, Illinois because of religious persecution (PBS Online). In Illinois, Joseph Smith had succeeded in establishing a religion which brought together its followers both sociologically and economically. Mormon followers were ordered to pay a tithing of 10% on their gross personal wealth. Those followers who were generous to the church were reportedly bestowed with an elevated position within the church which began a â€Å"pyramidal lay clergy – a device that provided a bonding camaraderie and loyalty for all male church members (Denton 13).† When Joseph Smith was murdered by an Illinois mob in June 1844, the Twel ve Apostles scattered. Sidney Rigdon assumed the Presidency, he being Smith's first counselor. The church was divided and in looming danger of dissipation. Brigham, with true Napoleonic foresight, saw his opportunity. Young hurried to Nauvoo, denounced Rigdon as an impostor and his revelations as emanations from the Devil. He cut off both Rigdon and his adherents from the true church, cursed Rigdon, and â€Å"handed him over to the buffetings of Satan for a thousand years." Young was immediately elected President by an overwhelming majority (Waite 14). Facing continued persecution, he then led the Mormons westward out of Illinois to Florence, Nebraska on the Missouri River in 1846. In 1847, Brigham Young led an exploration to the Rocky Mountains. The Mormons had discovered and selected the Great Salt Lake region as their safe haven where they could have the freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed (Katz). Brigham Young believed that Utah was the promise land for the Mormo ns because of its dense populace, the freedom they would have to practice their religion, and the ease in which they took control over the region. Once established in Utah, the Mormons identified themselves with the region claiming the state as their headquarters, even electing their church president as Governor. Brigham Young dreamed of the kingly robe and the jeweled crown in some far-off valley of the Rocky Mountains, where gentiles or their laws could not annoy the saints, or hinder the normal development of Mormonism (Waite 15).

High School vs College Essay

Upon attending college for a semester and a half, I have found that I enjoy being a college student more than being a high school student. In the time that i have been in college, I have seen that more freedom is allowed to students in college than in high school. Such choices as the note taking, the environment, or class selection are a few examples of how college is less restrictive than high school. Because of the educational freedom and having more control over my education, I find being a college student more enjoyable than being a high school student. In high school, the classes that students take appear to be easy. They seem easy because when a person is in high school, he/she can just brush effects off. For example, if someone does not pay attention and does not do anything for the entire class period, he/she can copy someone else’s notes and still learn the material because they have that class five days a week. Another reason high school classes give the impression of being easy is because a person can miss school/class, not get penalized, and most of the time the teacher will go over the material the student had missed. â€Å"High school is mandatory and free whereas college is voluntary and expensive. â€Å"(Information for High School Students) On the other hand in college, the classes appear to be hard. A college student cannot just brush a class off. Well, he/she can, but they will suffer from it in the long run. For instance, if someone does happen to attend class but has no intention of paying attention to the lecture, he/she is going to suffer from not being attentive and will wish he/she did pay attention because most of the time professors do not review any of the lectures or material before a test. Like high school, a college student can copy another student’s notes it may be slightly helpful, but not as much as if they had been in class and attentive. College classes are also hard because a person cannot really miss a class. In order to know what is going on and what assignments are going to be due, a student needs to attend every class if possible because he/she does not have the same class five days a week. In college, it is either two or three days a week and that is it. If someone does miss a class, it is very hard to catch up on what he/she missed. In high school, â€Å"teachers provide you with information you missed when you were absent but in college professors expect you to get from classmates any notes from classes you missed. † (The Differences High school vs College) In my opinion, missing one class in college is like missing a whole week in high school because that is how much material is covered in one class. Another topic to be compared and contrasted is note taking and teachers. in high school, the notes are given directly to the students by the teacher; spelled out and everything. Sometimes the teacher will tell the students what to write down in their notes from the textbooks that are given to them. The teacher will usually tell them what to study and wait until everyone is finished writing to continue. Similarily in college sometimes a student does get one of the professors which do tell them what to write down and do write notes on the board for them, but the notes are not as vague as in high school. On the other hand, when a professor lectures, the students have to listen carefully and write downideas that seem to be importnat to them. In college, abbreviations are a key aspect because people are not going to be able to write down the professor’s lecture word for word, so instead they take the main ideas and write them down. Teachers, both in high school and college, differ in his/her own class policies. For example, both in high school and in college, you can have one teacher that is extremely nice and will tell you what to write and study and you can also have a teacher who is not so nice and does not tell you anything and you have to kind of figure it out for yourself. The last topic in which i am going to compare and contrast is the atmosphere/environment. In highschool, a student does not really have much freedom, high school is kind of like a jail. A student has to be in class by a certain time, and if he/she is late, he/she can get in an enormous amount of trouble. For instance, if a high school walks into class five minutes late, and his/her teacher is not very nice, that student is most likely going to receive a referaal and a detention. A student in high school only has roughly two to three minutes between each class. However, in college the environment is not as strict. There is a good amount of freedom at college. There are breaks between classes anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. During these breaks, a person does not have to stay at school. â€Å"Although there is freedom in college, likewise to high school eventhough a college student will not get a referral or detention the student’s professor does seem to get mad if a student is late consistentaly and will take a point or two off his/her participation and effort grade, if he/she happen to have one of those not so nice professor’s. â€Å"(Personal Interview) Overall, there are many similarities and differences between high school and college. I found there to be more differences in my search than similarities. I stated three subject matters but there are many more, such as, the tests, the people, the work, and so on. Being a college student now, if there was an opportunity for me to go back and relive my high school days i would, but this time i would pay much more attention because once someone gets to college it seems to be ten times harder!

Comparative Study on the Origin of Religion Essay

Since the early 1800s, there had been an ample amount of skeptics trying to account for the origin of religion. The basic question on everybody’s mind was where does religion come from? Some believed that people developed religion because they didn’t understand the forces of nature around them. Others believe that religion was created as a way of restrain people. In the 19th century, people were introduced to social science and anthropologists who once studied primitive culture were exposed to several theories on the origin of religion. Edward B Tylor was one of the first who developed a theory on religion. Max Muller was a German professor at Oxford University whose interest included Indian mythology and the study of religion. Another anthropologist was George Frazer who key contributions to religious anthropology was a religious encyclopedia. There are many explanations to the origin of religion, one of the most prominent being Edward B. Tylor’s theory of animism. This theory is considered the foundation of the physical evolution of religion; two other influential religious anthropologists, Max Muller and James Frazer, also based their explanations of the origin of religion on nature. All three religious anthropologists are similar in the sense that they traced the evolution of religion in an attempt to figure out the origin of it but differ in the way they approach the concept of religion. Edward B. Tylor developed the theory of animism to help explain the most rudimentary form of religion. Animism is defined as the belief that attributes souls and spirits to humans, plants, animals and other entities. Animistic religious beliefs are well-known among primitive societies who were â€Å"so low in culture as to have no religious conceptions what so ever† (Tylor). Tylor considered animism as the most primitive phase in the development of religion. He believed that the reflection of dreams and the observation of death caused primitive people to develop the idea of souls and spirits. Tylor thought that primitive people believed that everything in nature had a soul within it. He hypothesized that a belief in animism led to the formation of a more generalized god and, eventually, the creation of monotheism. Animism ultimately led to the evolution of religion in the minds of the people. It led them to take something so simple as nature and use it to explain the natural phenomenon in their environment. A conflicting theory that uses the concept of evolution is that of Max Muller. Another theory of the origin of religion was developed by Max Muller. He believed that people first developed religion from the observation of nature. According to his theory, primitive people became aware of regularity of the seasons, the tides and the phases of the moon. Their response to these forces in nature was to personalize them†(Hopfe and Woodward). They personalized them through linguistics. Muller believed that development of religion was a cause of confusion in language (Goldsmith). There seems to be a divide between Muller and Tylor over the nature of the origin o f religion. Max Muller believed that the answer to the sole origin of religion could be found in the past and a person can trace its origin in the linguistic remnants in the Indo-European languages. Tylor thought that implementing an ethnological approach would be more successful than studying languages for answers of the origin of religion. Evolution of religion is evident in Muller’s theory because â€Å"they personified the forces of nature, created myths to describe their activities, and eventually developed pantheons and religions around them† (Hopfe and Woodward). By developing religions and pantheons from identifying the forces in nature is a clear sign of the evolution of religion in the human mind set. Even though their theories are different, the idea of evolution of religion in the human mind is evident in both Muller and Tylor’s theory. Sir James George Frazer, a fellow religious anthropologist, began developing his own theories on religion. Frazer believed that humans used magic as a way to control nature and the events around them and when that failed, they turned to religion. They used religion to control the events for a while and when religion failed they turned to science. Frazer’s theories were similar to those of Tylor. They both believed that the human mind developed in the same way as that of physical evolution.. Even though Frazer took a similar approach to Tylor in tracing the origin of religion, he modified Tylor’s theory and replaced Tylor’s theory of animism with his idea of magic. A similarity between Frazer and Tylor is that they both believed that religion began from an intentional method of describing and making sense of a strange world. Frazer replaces the idea that religion explains nature by introducing science as a substitute. Frazer’s approach to tracing the origin of religion is similar to that of Tylor and Muller since all three traced the evolution of religion in an attempt to figure out its origin. Both Muller and Frazer’s theory are similar to Tylor’s theory since both trace the origin of religion through the evolution of it but differ in the way they interpret religion. All three of them seemed to miss a vital element of religion which is that no one who practices religion is doing so to explain how the world works. People use religion for several reasons. Some use it to give meaning to their lives while others use it to enforce social order. Maybe all three anthropologists didn’t miss this key component but rather didn’t know about it due to the rapid evolution of religion.