The Berlin Wall Essays - Berlin Wall, Eastern Bloc, City-states

The Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall, built in August of 1961, was a physical symbol of the political and emotional divisions of Germany. The Wall was built because of a long lasting suspicion among the Soviet Union on one side and Western Europe and the United States on the other. Once World War II was over, these Allies no longer had a common purpose to hold them together. Their differences became less hidden and more irreconcilable. The Western Allies quickly realized they couldn't "kick a dog when its already down", and that Germany was in desperate need of help." Therefore, the Allies' aim was to rebuild Germany's economy. The Soviet Union disagreed with this plan immensely, and instead they became busy with setting up Communist dictatorships in their conquered areas, such as the zone of East Germany. This major difference among these powers marked the beginning of the Cold War. The war was not of physical battle, but of international diplomacy. Germany now became the prize struggle between enemies. In response to the numbers of people who fled the communist world to the free world, East Germany built a wall that cut across the heart of Berlin. It was an improvised structure, thrown up overnight. In the months and years to follow, it would harden into a massive barrier of concrete blocks, barbed wire, machine gun towers, and minefields. The Wall became 103 miles long, and it was approximately ten to thirteen feet high. It cut across 193 roads, and it sealed West Berlin not only from the rest of the city to the east, but from all of East Germany. "A second wall was eventually built 100 miles to the east of the original wall. 293 watchtowers, 66 miles of antivechicle trenches, hundreds of killer guard dogs, countless searchlights, alarms, and self-firing guns were all used to keep East Germans form leaving." (Mirabile 7) In the night of August 12, Walter Ulbricht of East Germany, had his troops unroll their barbed wire "to protect the frontier...from American spies and the criminal slave traders of West Germany." (Galante 1) On the morning of the 13th, Berliners awoke to discover telephones line dead between West and East Berlin and train services at a standstill. Families were separated, for the Wall had run through parks, public areas, and even buildings. The Wall did not hold them back from freedom. According to reports, official figures show that more than 400 people died trying to flee. Human-rights activists say that the true figure could be closer to 800. Many of these escape attempts were dramatic. People leapt form windows, tunneled and crept through sewers, rammed through the gates in steel-plated trucks, crawled through mud, and swam the icy waters of the city's rivers and canals. Even though the Wall created international crises, divided families, and spawned villains and gangsters, it also produced its heroes. Brave men and women who lived in the shadow of the Wall found ways to elude Communism. Escape soon became harder. The barbed wire was replaced with concrete slabs. Waterways were blocked by underground fences. Windows along the borders had bricks instead of glass. Getting across became increasingly difficult, and it required ingenuity as well as determination. In the first year alone, 14 attempts were made to breach the wall through driving into it. Many drove through legal checkpoints. Twice, East Germans escaped in a car so low that it could be driven right under the horizontal bars at the crossing points. Vertical bars were added to make it even more impossible. Many escaped in cleverly designed hiding places in cars driven by West Germans who could cross the border legally. Three escaped using Soviet Union military uniforms that a friend had sewn for them. Peter Fechter, an eighteen year old boy, was one of the first who tried to scale the wall outright. The East Germans shot him down while West Berliners heard Fechter's cries for help for nearly an hour. Escapees tried to get under the Wall using sewer systems. (It soon became blocked by watchful East German police) In 1962, NBC, the American Public television network, provided funds to dig a tunnel from Bernauer St., in East Berlin, to Schoenholzer St., in West Berlin. "That September, the TV network filmed the escape of fifty-six refugees before flooding shut down the tunnel." (Mirabile 10) Probably the longest and the most famous tunnel was the one built in 1964 by Wolfgang Fuchs. This tunnel was Fuchs's seventh, and it was 140 ft. long, almost 40 ft. below the city, and about 28 inches high inside. It took

I believe that students should not have to wear un Essays - Uniforms

I believe that students should not have to wear un Essays - Uniforms I believe that students should not have to wear uniforms. Uniforms take away our individuality. Confidence is much harder to achieve while wearing a uniform. Wearing them can get distracting during the day. Some schools say uniforms make us united as a school, but I don't think they do anything but bother students. Simple rules instead of a uniform could easily be put in place. Instead of having uniforms I believe we should just have simple guidelines as to what we can and can't wear. Part of being in school is learning to become responsible. How is telling us exactly what to wear teaching us responsibility. We should be able to know how we can and cannot dress without having the privilege completely taken away. Following the guidelines would help to make us responsible because when we get ready to have a career, our clothing will most likely not be completely decided for us. We will have to follow guidelines for that particular company. Having guidelines for how we dress will also help teach us to follow simple directions. With different rules in place we can reclaim our individuality. When wearing uniforms, it is a struggle to be an individual. Teachers are always saying how important it is to just be ourselves and not worry about what others might think. Having a uniform takes that away from us, and this may lead students to try to find other ways to be different. They might begin to act out so they stick out from the crowd. Without uniforms we can show everyone who we are through our clothes. Opinions shouldn't be based solely on clothing of course, but clothing is a fun and easy way to show who are. Being different is huge part of being in school and I think we should be able to have the privilege of wearing what we want. It can also give us more confidence. Confidence is a huge part of life especially for teens. Uniforms look different on everyone. Some people may feel they don't look good in their school's uniform. Because of this feeling, they worry all day long about what everyone else is thinking of them. Having confidence can be of great importance. Weather it's a simple project presentation at school or a big job interview, confidence is key. While wearing uniforms, confidence is sometimes a hard thing to accomplish, but this isn't the only distraction of wearing a uniform. Uniforms can be quite distracting during the day because of all the restrictions. During the day you constantly have to worry about having your shirt tucked in and keeping everything according to code. While worrying about tests you are also constantly worrying about getting caught with a uniform violation. After enough uniform violations there will of course be consequences such as a detention. I personally am not always thinking about what I should be, but instead checking my uniform over and over to make sure not to get in trouble. Students have enough stress in their lives; why add more? With so much stress about getting good grades and getting everything done on time, we shouldn't have to deal with the stress of uniforms. Students already have so many things taken away from them during school hours, individuality and confidence shouldn't have to be hidden by uniforms. Having a few dress code guidelines is quite an easy fix to these issues. I believe that students should not have to wear uniforms.

Profile of Joycelyn Harrison, NASA Engineer

Profile of Joycelyn Harrison, NASA Engineer Joycelyn Harrison is a NASA engineer at the Langley Research Center researching piezoelectric polymer film and developing customized variations of piezoelectric materials (EAP). Materials that will link electric voltage to motion, according to NASA, If you contort a piezoelectric material a voltage is generated. Conversely, if you apply a voltage, the material will contort. Materials that will usher in a future of machines with morthing parts, remote self-repairing abilities, and synthetic muscles in robotics. Concerning her research Joycelyn Harrison has stated, Were working on shaping reflectors, solar sails and satellites. Sometimes you need to be able to change a satellites position or get a wrinkle off of its surface to produce a better image. Joycelyn Harrison was born in 1964, and has bachelors, masters and Ph.D. degrees in Chemistry from the Georgia Institute of Technology. Joycelyn Harrison has received the: Technology All-Star Award from the National Women of Color Technology AwardsNASAs Exceptional Achievement Medal (2000}NASAa Outstanding Leadership Medal {2006} for outstanding contributions and leadership skills demonstrated while leading the Advanced Materials and Processing Branch Joycelyn Harrison has been granted a long list of patents for her inventing and received the 1996 RD 100 Award presented by RD magazine for her role in developing THUNDER technology along with fellow Langley researchers, Richard Hellbaum, Robert Bryant, Robert Fox, Antony Jalink, and Wayne Rohrbach. THUNDER THUNDER, stands for for Thin-Layer Composite-Unimorph Piezoelectric Driver and Sensor, THUNDERs applications include electronics, optics, jitter (irregular motion) suppression, noise cancellation, pumps, valves and a variety of other fields. Its low-voltage characteristic allow it to be used for the first time in internal biomedical applications like heart pumps. The Langley researchers, a multi-disciplinary materials integration team, succeeded in developing and demonstrating a piezoelectric material that was superior to previous commercially available piezoelectric materials in several significant ways: being tougher, more durable, allows lower voltage operation, has greater mechanical load capacity, can be easily produced at a relatively low cost and lends itself well to mass production. The first THUNDER devices were fabricated in the lab by building up layers of commercially available ceramic wafers. The layers were bonded using a Langley-developed polymer adhesive. Piezoelectric ceramic materials can be ground to a powder, processed and blended with an adhesive before being pressed, molded or extruded into wafer form, and can be used for a variety of applications. List of Issued Patents #7402264, July 22, 2008, Sensing/actuating materials made from carbon nanotube polymer composites and methods for makingAn electroactive sensing or actuating material comprises a composite made from a polymer with polarizable moieties and an effective amount of carbon nanotubes incorporated in the polymer for a predetermined electomechanical operation of the composite...#7015624, March 21, 2006, Non-uniform thickness electroactive deviceAn electroactive device comprises at least two layers of material, wherein at least one layer is an electroactive material and wherein at least one layer is of non-uniform thickness...#6867533, March 15, 2005, Membrane tension controlAn electrostrictive polymer actuator comprises an electrostrictive polymer with a tailorable Poissons ratio. The electrostrictive polymer is electroded on its upper and lower surfaces and bonded to an upper material layer...#6724130, April 20, 2004, Membrane position controlA membrane structure includes at least one elect roactive bending actuator fixed to a supporting base. Each electroactive bending actuator is operatively connected to the membrane for controlling membrane position... #6689288, February 10, 2004, Polymeric blends for sensor and actuation dual functionalityThe invention described herein supplies a new class of electroactive polymeric blend materials which offer both sensing and actuation dual functionality. The blend comprises two components, one component having a sensing capability and the other component having an actuating capability...#6545391, April 8, 2003, Polymer-polymer bilayer actuatorA device for providing an electromechanical response includes two polymeric webs bonded to each other along their lengths...#6515077, February 4, 2003, Electrostrictive graft elastomersAn electrostrictive graft elastomer has a backbone molecule which is a non-crystallizable, flexible macromolecular chain and a grafted polymer forming polar graft moieties with backbone molecules. The polar graft moieties have been rotated by an applied electric field...#6734603, May 11, 2004. Thin layer composite unimorph ferroelectric driver and sensorA method for forming f erroelectric wafers is provided. A prestress layer is placed on the desired mold. A ferroelectric wafer is placed on top of the prestress layer. The layers are heated and then cooled, causing the ferroelectric wafer to become prestressed... #6379809, April 30, 2002, Thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrates and method relating theretA thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrate was prepared. This thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrate may be used to prepare electromechanical transducers, thermomechanical transducers, accelerometers, acoustic sensors...#5909905, June 8, 1999, Method of making thermally stable, piezoelectric and proelectric polymeric substratesA thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrate was prepared. This thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrate may be used to prepare electromechanical transducers, thermomechanical transducers, accelerometers, acoustic sensors, infrared...#5891581, April 6, 1999, Thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substratesA thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrate was prepared. This thermally stable, piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymeric substrate may be used to prepare electromechanical transducers, thermomechanical transducers, accelerometers, acoustic sensors, infrared.

Hart-Fuller Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hart-Fuller Debate - Essay Example Introduction to Hart’s Concept of Law: Hart in his book addresses three critical issues. The questions which arise from these legal issues are (1) how does law differ from and how is it related to orders backed by threats? (2) How does legal obligation differ from, and how is it related to, moral obligation? (3) What are rules and to what extent is law an affair of rules?1 Laws, Commands and Orders: Hart argues in the first chapter of his book that laws are varieties of imperatives which differ in nature according to the tone of the individual. The acts of human beings to ask someone for help, to request someone for an act, or to order someone to do or to abstain from doing something, which might be backed by threat, or in other case where a man might be coerced to do something are all an indigenous part of the social nomenclature in which the society thrives and survives. Hart argues that law is a social construction backed by history. Law is an institution which always did n ot exist. It emerged for special reasons, and because of those reasons it has taken the form it takes. Law as the Union or Primary and Secondary Rules: Fundamental lawmaking power rests of the customary social rule, and it is through this rule that the sovereign authorises itself to make laws. Hart argued that law is nothing but a social construction of primary and secondary rules. In order to understand the effect of such rules, it is crucial to realise that Hart identified Rules of behaviour and rules of recognition as minimum standards for the existence of a legal system. We shall analyse the understanding of these rules later in the paper, but for now, it is important to draw a distinction to draw a parallel between these two rules and associate them with the primary and secondary rules. Primary rules may be defined as such ruled which guide behaviour of an individual by imposing duties on people, secondary rules provide for identification, change and enforcement of primary rule s. Both these rules are attached to the law of recognition and behaviour and the law works within this social pattern living in the society. Rules are present when there is a certain kind of social practice, regular behaviour together with the set of attitudes known as acceptance.2 Sovereign and Subject: Hart conceptualises that wherever there is a law, there is a sovereign, characterised negatively and positively by reference to the habit of obedience; a person or body of persons whose orders the great majority of the society habitually obey. This is the fundamental relationship between the subject and the sovereign.3 The most basic characteristic of democracy is the uninterrupted continuity of law making power by rules which bridge the transition from one lawgiver to another: these regulate the succession.4 Hart argues that in a sovereign State the laws are made through the acceptance of obedience of the majority of the people. The Constitution is the document which authorises the legislature to make laws for the people, but the legislature is not beyond the law since the power vested in him was granted by the Constitution itself. Therefore, it can be argued that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land and the law making bodies come under the purview of the Constitution. However, the lawmaker is not limited by the Constitution in order to enact laws, and he has the will to be obeyed by the

Analysis of Doves Real Beauty Sketches campaign Essay

Analysis of Doves Real Beauty Sketches campaign - Essay Example The second set of portraits were more beautiful than the first ones. The video became extremely popular in social media because it revealed that women were more critical of their beauty than were others. While the campaign received widespread praise, some also criticized it for making beauty a central part of women’s self-identity and self-esteem. The following analysis discusses the marketing concepts at work in these praises and criticisms. Social Media Marketing The video was viewed more than 14 million times within a week of its launch (Dan, 2013). This level of reach is a testament to the growth of online and social media marketing. Social media marketing through platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube empowers consumers by allowing them to share and comment on the marketing message. According to Tuten (2008), social media helps to impart a personality to brands which helps to differentiate a brand from others. Shareability of marketing content has been facilitate d by the integration of various platforms. Such integration has been achievable because of the Web 2.0 technology (Zarrella, 2010). Evans (2010) explains that marketing through social media creates a deeper sense of engagement with the consumer and develop a two-way relationship with the brand. For instance, Dan (2013) states that he was alerted about the video through his Facebook page. This can also be related with viral marketing through which content reaches a worldwide audience as viewers share it with members of their social networks. Media Planning The choice of platform also reflects the importance of effective media planning by which Dove was able to ensure that the campaign was rolled out to reach the target audiences around the world. According to Funk (2012), YouTube is the most appropriate brand for visual brands such as fashion and lifestyle brand. According to this view, Dove made an appropriate choice of media platform. Secondly, Kelley and Jugenheimer (2008) argue t hat ethnic diversity and geography impact media planning decisions. This supports the initial launch of the campaign in English speaking countries. Role of Market Research Dan (2013) also reveals that the campaign was based on market research findings, thus helping to illustrate the importance of reliable market research for successful marketing campaigns, particularly in international markets (Craig and Douglas, 2005). According to the research used by Dove, only 4 percent of women believe they are beautiful. Dove uses this research to reach out to the 96 percent of women and convince them that they are beautiful. Emotional Branding Another aspect of the campaign is the emotional nature of the content. Gobe (2013) explains that effective consumer interaction is based on feelings and senses. The Dove campaign explores the insecurity women experience when it comes to physical beauty. Travis (2000) explains that greater trust between the brand and consumer is created through emotional branding. The campaign also shows how the looking-glass theory works by showing how women view themselves critically in response to societal pressures and norms (Boone and Kurtz, 2013). The emotional impact is further heightened by the use of testimonial advertising where the women share their thoughts and feelings with the viewer, where the spokesperson adds authenticity to the advocacy role (O’ Guinn, Allen and Semenik, 2009). Perception and Self-Reflection Perception and self-reflection play an important part in consumers’ interpretation of their behaviours (Koekemoer, 2004). The campaign shows how women perceive themselves in terms of beauty. The campaign attempts to promote the concept of real beauty by showing that women are more beautiful

MS Word Against WordPro :: essays research papers

MS Word WordPro Functional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Customization 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compatibility 6 Templates 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  User Friendly (learning curve) 6 Object Insertion 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsolesce (version wise) 7 Formatting Options (editing) 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Support 8 WordPro Customization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WordPro really doesn?t allow you to customize the look of the program, unlike Microsoft?s Word. About the only thing that you can customize in this program is the view. The funny part about this is that, the views that you have the options of choosing, are ones that Microsoft does not offer. Even though WordPro doesn?t offer the extensive customization that word offers you really don?t need it. WordPro offers extensive and very useful toolbars that adjust to what ever you are doing in the window. When looking at the toolbars, they are very thoughtfully laid out with only the functions that you use the most. The other advantage of the toolbars is that they are located at the top and bottom of the page, making the most amount of the room on the screen, instead of at the top of the screen, like Words default. Templates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The extensive amount of templates that come with and that you can get for this program are amazing. There is a template for everything that you could possibly need. There are templates for Accounts Receivable bills all the way to a template to a fax coversheet followed buy the fax. Using the templates is not all that hard either. It is basically point and click, follow the direction that are there for you and are easy to understand. The best thing about the templates is that they all use a series of frames, which is very useful if you want to remove a certain section of the template, with out messing up the whole document. Object Insertion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this program object insertion is a little bit of a pain, you can do it, but for a person never using the program before, it will not only be frustrating, but it will also deter you from using the program. Unlike Microsoft?s Word, it is not as easy to get to. WordPro unfortunately also doesn?t support as many file types either. On the upside, once you figure out where the function is in the program, it is not all that hard to work with. Formatting Options   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this section, WordPro is very competitive with Word. They both have the same options, like auto correct, although they may be called different names. They also have the same easy to find menus.

Information Technology Strategy

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY Introduction In today’s business environment, organizations are adopting the latest technologies in order to make the organization’s processes more organized and fruitful. There are several various technological tools that have been initiated through the information technology system, which has become very effective for organizations in order to compete in a proper manner. The Human Resource Information Management is one of the major tools from information technology, which is contributing effectively to the human resource functions of an organization.The human resource information management was, in the past, the human resource management system, which now has involved the information technology. There are many other information technology tools available for the organizations which has reduced the workload and increased the output of the organizations. B & J Medical Consulting shall determine the use of information technology in the bus iness organization environment. In addition to this, B & J Medical will provide some brief information of the Cloud Technology concept and how it can contribute to the organizational processes and operations.Utilizing Technology for Businesses The growth in the field of the Internet, the globalization of trade, and the rise of information economies have changed the role of information technology in today’s business and management environment. Information technology can be defined as â€Å"the hardware, software, telecommunication database management and other technologies used to store, process and distribute information. † Through this the business organizations make their operations and processes easier and effective to have maximum growth and success.Information technology has bought many software and tools which reduce the workload of employees and increase their contribution for the organizations. The information technology includes various programs and tools such as information systems, network, and internet technology to name a few, which contributes effectively in today's business organization environment. Organizations in today’s society are involving information technology in order to conduct their maximum work electronically and effortlessly. Information systems are designed to assist managers and orkers in their functions of sales, marketing, manufacturing, production, finance, accounting, and human resources, at all the major working levels of the organization. Through information technology, the managers and workers become more efficient and effective for organization (Laudon, 2004). The sales and marketing information systems helps an organization to identify the potential customers for its products or services and contribute effectively in the development of products and services offered to meet customer's needs.In addition to this, the sales and marketing system can promote the products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support after the purchase. The manufacturing and production systems majorly deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services and helps in management of the flow of production. The finance and accounting systems can keep track of the organization's financial assets and fund flows.The human resources systems maintain employees records; track employees skills, job performance, and training; and support planning for employee compensation and career development. Through the aforementioned response it is clear that there is information system involvement in every part of the organization which is a very important aspect for the organizations and their functions (Burgess, 2002). Today business organizations are using various information technology tools to promote their product and services in various networks.Through e-mails and social media, organizations can reach a maximum number of customers. The social media and e-ma ils has become one of the very effective tools for promoting a product or service in specific market segments or customer segments. Today business organizations can organize various research programs with the help of technology in order to understand the market and customer needs, which ensure that they make the proper marketing strategies. Cloud Technology ConceptThe Cloud technology gives organizations the option of delivery of computing; a metered service rather than a product which keeps track of shared resources, software and information provided to computers and other devices over a network or service provide on the internet. The cloud technology provides computation, data access, software, and storage resources without demanding the cloud users to know the location or other major details of the Cloud computing infrastructure. Through this the cloud users can have required information and data in a less span of time and increase productivity.The end users of internet access th e cloud services through cloud based applications through a web browser or a mobile application. An organization’s business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. The cloud technology application provides better performance and services to the users even though the software programs were installed locally on the business computers. The internal and external networks would work properly for the business organizations in order to provide better services to their consumers.The cloud technology would contribute effectively in solving various organizational issues in an effective and appropriate manner (Turban, 2007). The concept of cloud technology was initially adopted through Amazon. com, where the organization stored their various programs with the help of technology in order to serve its customers in a better and effective way. Today there are a lot of organizations which is implementing the cloud computing technology for their customers, which has incr eased the quality and performance of their services.Through this the business organizations attract maximum potential customers, which directly contributes to the growth and success of the organization. The Internet provides the primary technology infrastructure for electronic commerce, and electronic businesses. The Internet and other networks have made it possible for businesses to replace manual and paper based processes with the electronic flows of information. Electronic commerce is the process of buying and selling goods electronically with computerized business transaction using the Internet or other digital network technology.B & J Medical Consulting would benefit with the use of Cloud technology for the present needs of the company and the possibilities of expansion in the future. Information Technology Planning Information technology is a kind of discipline in the information technology domain and is majorly concerned with the planning process for information technology in vestments and decision making processes. This process of management planning is quicker, flexible, and more aligned for information technology in an organization.Information technology planning has become a major concept which includes a strategic planning domain. The information technology planning adjusts plans to meet the major business needs of an organization. Without the information technology planning phase, information technology does not understand how it can contribute to the business strategies (Tsai, 2003). Today the security systems in information technology have developed at a fast rate in order to provide adequate security and safety to the business organizations implementing the information technology programs and tools.The major information technology tools can help companies to provide proper privacy to their confidential data and insure the security and privacy of major data resources and information stored on the web. The control process in information technology has become very effective for a business organization to have proper hold on their confidential information. Today’s companies require proper information technology concerns to be addressed in order to prevent any affecting issues such as security breaches or crashes in the system.Conclusion Information technology has changed the way people and businesses operate in today's workforce. All types of business, both large and small, are using information systems, networks and Internet technology to make their business processes happen electronically while striving to achieve new levels of competitiveness, efficiency, and profitability. Through the information technology processes, the workplace has become more productive and errorless.This role of information technology in today's business world and organizations will be a great asset to B & J Medical Consulting to compete in today’s economy and business environment. References: Burgess S. (2002). Managing information tec hnology in businesses: challenges and solutions. Idea Group Inc. Retrieved May 3, 2012 from website http://www. amazon. com/Managing-Information-Technology-Small-Business/dp/1930708351 Laudon, J. (2004). Management Information Systems, (8th Edition). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Tsai H. (2003).Information technology and business process reengineering: new perspectives and strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group. Retrieved May 5, 2012 from website http://www. amazon. com/Information-Technology-Business-Process- reengineering/dp/1567206328 Turban J. (2007). Information Technology for Management: Transforming organizations in the digital economy, 4Th Ed. John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved May7, 2012 from website http://www. amazon. com/Information-Technology-Management-Transforming-Organizations/dp/0471705225